| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as components that convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to produce heat, generally used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or electricity production. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural traditions, famous sights, and lively cities like London. It boasts a mixed scenery of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that combine history with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for existence on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy generated by the flow of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers numerous appliances and infrastructures, supporting modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction flow of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that holds chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to operate various digital equipment. It includes multiple electrochemical units, each comprising anode and cathode interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) created by solar panels into AC fit for home use and utility connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring safe, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses direction regularly, usually used in residential and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to determine the size, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, climate gauges, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that capture sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic panels on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This energy is then beamed to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the power grid for future use, boosting energy independence and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells tracks the progress and innovations in solar power technology from the early finding of the solar effect to modern high-performance solar arrays. It showcases major breakthroughs, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have significantly boosted energy conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the groundwork for understanding how radiation interacts with certain media to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous innovative organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a tough, brittle solid material with a steel-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small device installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach enhances system performance, allows for improved system tracking, and improves energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in solar panels to provide a renewable and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle that represents a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It has a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which specific substances convert sunlight immediately into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This event is the fundamental principle behind solar panel systems, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are essential considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the velocity at which electrical energy flows by an electrical circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the rate of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which drives the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the energy per single charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electricity through a conductor, commonly measured in amps. It is necessary for supplying electronic equipment and enabling the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the standard of electrical current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the configuration and capacity of power systems to maintain safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is commonly used for powering and energizing a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) from sources like batteries or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It enables the application of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the daytime, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power output of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the working point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This process ensures the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and analyzes the effectiveness of solar power systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on energy production and system status. It helps enhance solar energy generation by spotting issues ahead of time and securing optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to power homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of many small silicon crystal structures, commonly used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves melting and restructuring silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline form fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity form of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronics. Its consistent structure allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in superior functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a type of thin-film solar system that provides a affordable and high-performance option for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their excellent absorption efficiency and relatively low manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic cells that employ a multi-layered material of copper, In, gallium, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are recognized for their high light capturing efficiency, flexibility, and capability for portable, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered atomic structure, making it easier to handle and simpler to apply than structured silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that use multiple p-n connections arranged in tandem to capture a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. They are mostly employed in space applications and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert sunlight into electricity to operate onboard instrumentation. They are typically lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its great electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for massive solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, delivering a affordable solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in diverse technological fields. These films are crucial in electronics, optical systems, and films for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of compound spanning a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medical applications, to alter surface properties or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are accurate measuring instruments used to accurately measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, typically in machining and production. They feature a scaled screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a fine, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the manufacture of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and adaptability, making them suitable for various uses. They use a layered semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight immediately into power with outstanding effectiveness in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into electricity using solar panels, supplying a sustainable energy source for home, business, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, renewable, and economical way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that use organic materials, to convert sun's energy into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and offer the potential for lower-cost, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential photovoltaic compound used in layer solar modules due to its abundant and safe elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, facades, and windows. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It enhances privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations information various large-scale solar energy facilities around the globe, highlighting their capacities and sites. These stations serve a crucial role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that transform sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, global warming, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, wind, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable solution to fossil fuels, decreasing ecological footprint and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over millions of years and are depleted when used. They are the main fuels for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as Pb, Hg, cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how effectively a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into convertible power. Boosting this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by boosting the share of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through instrument that bends light to focus or diverge rays, producing images. It is commonly used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It improves the clarity and brightness of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their wave heights cancel each other out, causing a diminution or full disappearance of the combined wave. This event typically happens when these waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that alternates direction, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern over time, enabling effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a compact component used to convert DC from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing power output at the panel level and streamlines setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric flow cyclically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in households and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical coupling used to supply DC power from a energy source to an electronic device. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that guarantee a secure and dependable attachment for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global safety validation agency that evaluates and approves products to ensure they meet specific safety norms. It supports consumers and businesses identify trustworthy and protected products through strict review and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the identical current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in a single direction only, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, created to deliver electrical power for various devices and attachments inside of a vehicle. It allows users to recharge electronic electronics or run small electronics during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting hardware to computing systems, allowing data transmission and power supply. It supports a variety of peripherals such as keyboards, mouses, external storage, and mobile phones, with various revisions offering higher speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy generation and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, spanning from radio signals to gamma radiation, each with varied wavelengths and power. This range is crucial to many technologies and the natural world, allowing communication, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It plays a important role in processes like vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on shades of a sole hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create balance and unity. This composition approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to calculate the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the distribution and transfer of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is commonly used to describe the distribution of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of atmosphere with comparatively consistent temperature and moisture features, coming from from certain starting regions. These air masses influence weather systems and atmospheric states as they pass through various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the type of solar rays. It fluctuates with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of dirt, and foreign matter on the surface of solar panels, which decreases their output. Routine maintenance and care are necessary to limit energy waste and guarantee best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that passes through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak potential to generate electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to check the voltage between two points in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic element necessary for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has unique chemical properties that cause it useful in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar energy output and farming, optimizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight using both surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are typically mounted in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to generate clean, renewable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that offers shade and shelter from the conditions for al fresco areas. It boosts the usability and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a cozy space for rest and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is commonly used in navigation, land measurement, and astrophysics to define the bearing of an target with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in advancing solar energy implementation and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of electricity equal to a billion W, used to quantify big electricity generation and utilization. It is commonly associated with generating stations, national grids, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in making thin film solar panels that deliver excellent efficiency and low-cost power output. The organization is dedicated to eco-friendly energy development and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly integrating various components of industrial and automation systems to improve productivity and dependability. It focuses on developing innovative solutions that promote smooth communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese-based firm focused on producing and developing solar-powered solar items and systems. Famous for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to represent the potential of massive power generation or usage. It emphasizes the vast power scale involved in current energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost drops as overall production increases, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the value of stored knowledge in reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in manufacturing and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a clean, renewable energy source that aids lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or lower than the price of buying power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that sustainable energy technologies are cost-effectively comparable with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a network of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is captured from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and industrial settings to create green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered items features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to produce energy, supporting green and sustainable living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor tools, delivering flexible options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a facility that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize optical lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, significantly boosting energy capture from a compact footprint. This method is highly suitable in areas with direct, strong sunlight and offers a viable solution to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
